Berwick Advertiser, 4 March 1921

SALMON PLENTIFUL

With a continuance of the remarkably fine weather conditions, the good catches of salmon on Tweed fishings have been well maintained during the ten days that have elapsed since the operations were commenced for the season, making the 1921 opening the most favourable in recent years. Whether this luck continues throughout the season is yet to be determined, but it is certain that the fish are in the river in a greater abundance than they have been for years. The catches have been pretty equally distributed over the fisheries, an equally good return coming from the higher reaches as from the fisheries at the river-mouth. Even Crab Water, where fishing is as a rule poor at this time of year, has had good catches, landing over thirty salmon in one day. The fish are all young salmon, not large in size, but of excellent quality and appearance. Trout are not quite so plentiful. The price quoted for salmon this week is 2s 5d per lb, having fallen during the week from 3s on the opening days. No prices are quoted for trout. 

Pictured above is the former Crabwater fishery at the corner of Berwick Pier. On the opening of the salmon net fishing season in 1921, Crabwater had an exceptionally good start with catches up on previous years. REF: BRO 1944-1-5-1

During the past quarter of a century there have been few such auspicious openings. In 1895 the weather conditions were not favourable, as the Tweed between Chain Bridge and Carham for about 16 miles was frozen over, making fishing impossible in the upper reaches, though the fishermen endeavoured to break up the ice with hammers. When, however, the ice broke up and the river-mouth was cleared, the catches were good, and the price was 1s 6d per pound – as low a figure as had been reached for many years. For the next ten years the openings were generally poor, and although the weather conditions were open, the catches were scanty. In 1905, in a spell of fine open weather, there was a very good opening, and with a good load of fish in the river, as many as 100 salmon were landed in one area at the opening tide. Although prices had averaged from 2s to 2s 2d per lb for the previous ten years, this run of luck reduced the prices to 1s 11d.  

With an improving foreign market, the demand for fish is keen, though supplies asked for from the Continent are not so great as in pre-war days, when a large export trade was done from Tweed with Paris and Boulogne. 

HINTS FOR THE HOME

Piano keys which have turned yellow can be whitened by the following method. Rub the keys with lemon juice, and while still damp polish with a cloth dipped in whiting or prepared chalk. Don’t let this get between the keys. 

If a fire is needed in the bedroom, the time taken in lighting if often sufficient to do away with the good it gives. Gas fumes are bad for a sleeping person, but an electric radiator can be switched on in a second and turned off directly the need for it has disappeared. 

Brass lids of fruit bottles often get stuck. Drop a little salad oil between the bottle and the lid with the aid of a feather, and then place the bottle about 18 inches from the fire. After the heat has caused the oil to run round the edge of the lid, a slight tap will release the lid. 

Custard will curdle if you cook it too long or at too high temperature. A boiled custard should be cooked until it coats at the back of the spoon, and the water should not boil but be kept hot. A baked custard is tried with a knife, and if the knife comes out clean the custard is cooked, even if it is not brown. 

MARCH HIRING

Belford

There was quite a good attendance at the annual hiring market for farm servants at Belford on Wednesday, and with good weather prevailing, those present spent a more pleasant day than has been the rule in recent years, when rough weather often made the day a miserable one. Few engagements were made, most of those present either having already engaged at present rates or hanging off until later markets. In spite of the difference of opinion of farmers as to whether women workers should be paid by hour or the week, the latter arrangement not being considered satisfactory, the demand for women workers was in excess of the supply. Only a few engagements were made, however, at the present weekly rate. 

Wooler

There was a much larger gathering at Wooler Hiring Market on Thursday than for some years past, so large indeed that the supply seemed greater than the demand. Business was very slow, and in general nothing more than the minimum wage for men and women was asked for or offered. The majority of the agreements entered into with women were for 30s a week, the old custom of the daily wage being adhered to. There was a large attendance of farmers from Glendale and district. The difficulty of fixing up was not so much a question of wages as of adequate housing accommodation, many large families of workers not getting a chance. Representatives of the Workers’ Union were busy among the crowd in High Street in front of the Black Bull, and a meeting of workers was held in the Archbold Hall in the afternoon.

An early 20th century photograph of Wooler Mart, where in 1921 large numbers gathered for the ‘hiring’s.’ REF: BRO 2134-10

The weather was dull and cold, with a blustery wind that made standing about disagreeable. The larger part of the workers from the district arrived in Wooler with the early train, but many in the immediate neighbourhood cycled into the town during the forenoon. By midday the crowd had thinned considerably. No shows or roundabouts this year, only a few stalls near the Market Cross, and one or two “cheapjacks” endeavouring to dispose of their wares to the attentive but irresponsive crowd. 

Using Archival Sources For LGBT+ History

Warning: this blog and accompanying document contain references to sexual acts and to acts of sexual violence. 

February is LGBT+ History Month. In this blog we explore how you can use Quarter Sessions records to learn more about LGBT+ history. 

Male homosexuality was illegal in England and Wales until the 1967 Sexual Offences Act decriminalised sexual acts between two consenting males over the age of 21 conducted in private. In 1994 the age of consent was lowered to 18 for gay men. Male homosexuality was decriminalised in Scotland in 1980. Until 1861 sex between men was a crime punishable by death. Same sex relationships between women have never been illegal in the United Kingdom.  

Stories of queer relationships in archive collections are difficult to uncover. The National Archives’ Research Guide How To Look For Records of Sexual Identity And Gender (https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/gay-lesbian-history/) provides useful source suggestions regarding records that they hold. One of the issues researchers face is around vocabulary. Because relationships were secretive it is very difficult to pick out references to gay relationships from catalogue descriptions. The National Archives Guide includes a useful section around possible search terms. 

Male homosexuality was considered such a serious offence that criminal cases were heard at the Assize Courts. These courts were held in the main county towns and were presided over by visiting judges from the higher London courts. The Assize Courts heard capital cases – cases punishable by death.  Records of the Assize Courts are held at The National Archives and are not easily accessible remotely. Within the Northumberland Quarter Sessions records Northumberland Archives holds a series of Calendars of Prisoners, 1875-1971 (ref: Q/S/CP). The Calendars record brief details of cases held at the Quarter Sessions Courts (local courts that heard less serious cases) and also details of Assize Courts cases. Local and national newspapers recorded Assize Court cases so another possible source is the British Newspaper Archive (available to view online for a fee at https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk). Northumberland Library users can access the British Newspaper Archives in Northumberland Libraries and in our searchrooms. 

As a small research exercise we looked through volume 3 of the Calendar of Prisoners to see how many trials we were able to find. The volume covers the period March 1888 to November 1894 and we were able to discover four trials. Two cases were heard at the Summer Assizes of 1891. In the first John Reed, a 59-year-old forgeman, and Thomas Simpson, a 37-year-old miner, were found guilty of “attempting to commit the act of sodomy”. John Reed was sentenced to 15 months hard labour and Thomas Simpson to 18 months hard labour.  

The second case was heard at the same court sitting. Thomas Cullen, a 30-year-old sailor, was found guilty of “attempting to commit sodomy” and sentenced to 5 years penal servitude. The third case was heard at the Autumn Assizes where Frederick Henry Grieg, a 37-year-old sailor and John Dixon, a 17-year-old sailor, were found guilty of committing an act of gross indecency and sentenced to four calendar months hard labour and two calendar months hard labour respectively. Lastly, at the Autumn Assizes of 1893, Thomas Lough, a 16-year-old tailor, and Robert Hume, aged 15, were found guilty of unlawfully committing an act of gross indecency with each other and were asked to find one surety (or bond) in the sum of £10 to be of good behaviour and to come up for judgement when called upon. 

It is interesting (and harrowing) to compare the crimes recorded in the Calendars shown here. The other cases tried by the Assize court were all violent attacks by one person on another: murder/manslaughter and rape. In contrast, what seem to be consensual acts where no-one is hurt are defined as “against the order of nature”.   

The Calendars provide only the basic information about each case and to discover more background it would be necessary to look at the case papers held by The National Archives. This series of records have been weeded so not all survive. The variance is sentencing in the above cases is interesting and access to the papers may provide insight into this. We were able to find brief newspaper accounts of the first three cases using The British Newspaper Archive website. In each case the report provided some further details about the case.  

The section at the bottom of this illustration follows across a double page in the calendar. John Reed received the same sentence (“the like”) as the prisoner above him on the calendar who was found guilty of raping a woman. Both prisoners received 15 months imprisonment with hard labour. 

Q/S/CP Summer Assizes 1891

BERWICK ADVERTISER, 18TH FEBRUARY 1921

BORDER TRAIN MYSTERY

Unidentified Young Lady’s Fatal Fall

WAVERLEY ROUTE EXPRESS HER MOVEMENTS PRIOR TO THE FATALITY TRACED

East Lothian, Berwickshire and Berwick police are making every endeavour to establish the identity of a young lady who met her death as a result of injuries received by falling from the 9.45 Edinburgh to Melrose express on the night of Monday 7th February, between Fushiebridge and Borthwick Bank, between Edinburgh and Galashiels. The attention of a signalman at Fountainhall was drawn to a door of a compartment n the express swinging open as the train passed, and the train passed, and the train being stopped a search was instituted along the line with the result that the lady was found lying on the embankment of the line suffering from severe injuries to the head. She was conveyed to the Cottage Hospital, Galashiels, where she died without regaining consciousness before midnight.

It was soon ascertained that she had booked at Waverley Station for Melrose, travelling 1st class, and the fact that she had no hat on attracted attention. No hat was found in the compartment or near the body after the accident, nor has the railway ticket been found or near the body.

The lady appeared to be about 24 years of age, and wore her hair bobbed. She was attired in a dark blue costume with brown shoes and stockings, and wore a gold wristlet watch. She had a light suede bag with her containing about £5 in money, a silver cigarette case, a photograph and a box of ointment which had been prepared by Mr Alex. Cairns, chemist, Berwick-on-Tweed. The police not being able to trace the lady’s relatives, the body was interred at Eastlands Cemetery, Galashiels.

MOVEMENTS PRIOR TO ACCIDENT TRACED IN BERWICK AND DUNS

Enquiries have established beyond doubt that the young woman arrived in Berwick and stayed at the King’s Arms Hotel on Saturday, the 5th February. She stayed overnight and signed the hotel register “Elizabeth Grey, Newcastle.” parties who saw her at the hotel noticed that she was a woman of some education who spoke in a refined voice with just a little north-country accent.

King’s Arms Hotel, Hide Hill, Berwick-upon-Tweed, Ref: BRO 0426-355

She seemed very quiet and reserved and it was noticed that her hat was a waterproof one which formed a detachable part of a shower-proof outfit which she carried over her arm. She went out into the town during the day and it was either at mid-day on Saturday or Sunday that she called at mr Cairn’s chemist shop in Castlegate and purchased the box of foot ointment which was later found on her body. The shop assistant is not sure of the exact time and day when she made the purchase, but this is not material.

So far as can be gathered the lady (or a lady answering the description) was seen near the station about one o’clock on Sunday, 6th February. Whether she had been ascertaining if a train was available to Duns has not been elicited, but the fact is established that she arrived in Duns about quarter past six on Sunday night tired and footsore, and told Mr Prentice of the White Swan Hotel that she was on a walking tour and intended to stay the night after having walked from Berwick.

Since the tragedy, Mr Prentice has identified the body as the lady who stayed at his hotel, signed the register “Elizabeth Guy, Newcastle” (but this no doubt was Elizabeth Grey), as the writing was not very clear). At half past ten on Monday morning the lady left the “Swan” and announced her intention of walking to Haddington. Here there is a break in the chain of evidence at hand at present, for it is certain she could not have reached the Waverley Station, Edinburgh, by 9 o’clock that night unless she had received a “lift” on the rod by some passing motorist. The police would be glad, if any motorist did give the lady a “lift”, to hear if any conversation passed which would throw light on her identity. Up to Monday enquiries made by the police in Northumberland and Durham failed to bring any clue to the lady’s home.