General

Welcome to the fourth and final blog in our series on the unsolved murder of John Thomas Bianchi and the assault on his cousin Elizabeth Philipson in January of 1919. Last time we examined the route the pair were taking on the night of the shooting and the route the murderer took on fleeing the scene. We also looked at some of the witness statements and the £50 reward poster.

This time let’s get to know the Bianchi family a little better. John Thomas Bianchi was the fourth child of Margaret Jane Bianchi, nee Phillipson, and John Thomas Bianchi (Snr). John (Snr) and Margaret would go on to have another three children including a Joseph George.

Joseph George is briefly mentioned in a more contemporary review of the murder case by a newspaper, the Sunday Sun in May 1962. They claim that a younger brother of John’s became a detective-sergeant at Scotland yard. They say that…

“On one occasion he fulfilled a vow by returning to Tyneside and going over the case stage by stage examining every little detail. But he had no better luck than his predecessors.”

Indeed the 1939 register for England and Wales has a Joseph G Bianchi living in West Ham with his occupation listed as “Police Officer Metropolitan Police”. The date of birth given matches other census information for John’s brother. So perhaps we can assume that this is the brother the newspaper was referring to. Despite his brother’s efforts the killer remained at large.

The police file has within it investigations into Elizabeth’s background, who she was friends with and what people thought of her. But as we know this line of enquiry did not produce any firm leads. But curiously they do not appear to have investigated John’s background, who his friends were and whether anyone could have meant him any harm.

We know, from the report of the funeral in the Illustrated Chronicle, that John worked at Hawthorn Leslie’s shipyard at Hebburn. However, none of his colleagues appear to have been interviewed to find out if he had had any problems at work. Or if any of his colleagues wished him ill. Hawthorn Leslie’s yard was just along the river from Palmer’s Jarrow shipyard where the E40 submarine, to which the gun had eventually been traced, was built. Could a worker from the shipyard have been involved?

Photograph showing the drilling of the horizontal joint in a turbine casting at the St. Peter’s Works of R and W. Hawthorn Leslie and Company Limited, Newcastle upon Tyne.

John had another interesting brother Francis or Frank Bianchi born 10^th June 1898. Frank was 15 years old when he enlisted in 1914 for 4 years in the Territorial Force, although he claimed to be 17 years old. He was attached to the 5^th Battalion of the Northumberland Fusiliers. His Army record shows that he served from the 21^st of May 1914 to the 5^th of February 1915. Searching for his Army service record online tells us that he was discharged from the army due to…

“Having been claimed by parent [unreadable word] para 392 VI (a) Kings Regs”

Paragraph 392 VI (a) of the Kings Regulations states

“Having made a mis-statement as to age on enlistment-soldier under 17 years of age at date of application for discharge-The C.O. after satisfying himself that the birth certificate produced refers to the soldier in question, will proceed with the discharge.”

We also promised you a resolution to the case and it comes to us from the editor of the Daily Chronicle, a Fleet Street publication. Who in February of 1919 received an anonymous letter purporting to give the name of the killer. A copy of the letter is contained in the file and is reproduced for you below.

The police in Morpeth, North and South Shields, Newcastle and Blyth looked through what they called their “Aliens Register” to try and find the person named in the letter and the response came back that they

“Have not such a name registered and cannot hear that such a person as ever been in their towns.”

So sorry to lead you up the garden path on that one, but unfortunately the unsolved murder is still unsolved.

John Thomas Bianchi’s funeral was held at Benton cemetery on February the 2^nd 1919, six days after he was shot. Newspapers of the day report that there were “hundreds of sympathisers”

So, in conclusion what have we learned from the police file? We know that several witnesses saw a man on the lonnin just before the incident, including Elizabeth Philipson who survived the attack and could have identified the man. We know that the weapon he used was issued to the submarine E40 in 1917 and that the killer made off over fields in a southerly direction from the shooting. We know that the police pursued a number of lines of enquiry including mistaken identity and ultimately, we know that a young man tragically lost his life. What we don’t know, of course, is why.

Please note that the file about the murder and assault at Bigges Main is currently uncatalogued so is not yet available to the public in the Study Centre.

Welcome back to our series of blogs on the murder at Bigges Main in 1919. Last time we looked at the theory of mistaken identity as a motive for the murder of John Thomas Bianchi and the assault on Elizabeth Phillipson. We also looked how the investigation moved to the E40 submarine.

This time, let us have a look at the route that John and Elizabeth were taking on the night of the shooting, and the route that the shooter took when fleeing the scene.

We know that John was escorting Elizabeth from his house in Chapel Row, Bigges Main to her place of work at Walkergate Hospital. The close-up image below is from the 1952 edition of Ordnance Survey maps and shows the highlighted route the pair would have taken. Setting out from Bigges Main village in a south westerly direction the lonnin bisects open fields towards the recreation ground. They would have been aiming for, what is now known as, and recorded on the map as Benfield Road (then called Benton Road). Just south of what local witnesses called the three arch bridge and onto the hospital on that road.

From Elizabeth’s statement she describes walking along the “Walker lonan” [1]…when about 200 yards along the road” she saw a man standing on the outside of the footpath and “when we were about two or three yards from him, he swung round and fired a shot.”

This information tells us that the shooter had only a very quick view of the pair and, bearing in mind that it was about a quarter to ten at night in January, and the lane was unlit, the view he would have got would have been very poor indeed. So, was he relying more on his hearing than his sight to identify his target? Or had he already observed them, perhaps further up the footpath? Or had he followed their routine on previous nights?

Elizabeth’s statement continues…

“I screamed and run round the man towards the Benton Road when he seized me by the shoulder, pulling me round, he then struck me in the corner of the left eye and I fell to the ground.”

Perhaps this description gives us a clue to the assailant, was he right-handed? If he held the gun in his right hand and went to hit Elizabeth, he would have naturally struck her in the left side of her face.

To hear how he made his escape let’s have a look at another piece of evidence and this time we are using a contemporary report in the newspaper. The Newcastle Daily Journal dated 29^th January 1919 reports an interview with Elizabeth in which they claim she says,

“Dazed, I fell to the ground and feigned death. Next I heard a sound, as though he were jumping the fence, and, looking up found the man had crossed into the field.”

Elizabeth says she would know the man again by his back, as he was of a particularly solid build and positive his back would be unmistakable. The same publication claims to follow the route the murderer took from articles left behind, firstly the gun, then the newspaper claims that cartridges were found towards a reservoir and more still towards Walkergate hospital.

The same publication, two days later, interviews Charles Finlayson, the first person on the scene who helped carry John to his father’s cottage about 200 yards from where the shooting took place. Through Finlayson we hear some of John’s last words.  John asked about the man who came from the direction of “Cartman’s” and returned the same way. The paper explains that “Cartman’s” is a cottage very near to the Benton Road end of the lane. Indeed, searching the 1921 census a family by the name of Cartman were still living at White Cottage, near Walker Gate, almost at the junction of the lonnin and Benton Road.  Finlayson tells the Journal that the man is thought to have made off in the direction of Walkergate Hospital across a ploughed field.

Newcastle Daily Chronicle dated the of 20^th February 1919 however reports from the inquest and quotes the deceased as saying the man had gone towards “Carville” is this a mis-hearing of Cartman’s? Or vice versa? Carville station was a railway station on the riverside loop of the Newcastle and North Shields railway. The loop ran between Byker and Willington Quay serving the heavy industry of the Tyne. From the scene of the murder escaping southeast over the fields you would naturally arrive at Wallsend Station on the main Newcastle to Tynemouth line before reaching the loop line and Carville station.

The staff of fourteen local inns or hotels were interviewed, conductresses on the Newcastle Corporation trams and the ticket collector at Walkergate Railway station were also interviewed but no one reported seeing any suspicious men that evening.

There are many witness statements in the file who did see a man in the “lonnin” around the time of the shooting, they describe the location in relation to the three-arch bridge. Rosy Cottage is mentioned by some, as pistol cartridges were found 50 yards north of Rosy Cottage stuffed into a hedge and others lying in the field adjacent to the hedge cache. One witness says she saw a man standing on the outside of the footpath just as Elizabeth said,

outside of the footpath just as Elizabeth said,

“opposite the little white gate leading into the old football field”.

She estimates the time of the shooting as about 9.45 pm, the same time as Elizabeth states.

Another witness saw a man at about 9:20pm midway between White Cottage (where the Cartmans lived) and Bigges Main and then claims to have seen the same man on the 8^th of February pacing up and down outside the Colliery Engine Inn at Walkergate. The pub was at the junction of Shields Road and Benton Road/Benfield Road, just off the bottom left of the map above and very close to both the Walkergate hospital and the scene of the shooting. Unfortunately, the Colliery Engine Inn was not one of the pubs where staff were interviewed.

Another witness says that at about 8pm near the end of the gardens adjoining Cross Row, Bigges Main he passed a man who turned his face as the witness approached and the witness said that “I think I will know the man again” he was with another witness whose statement is very similar to his friends but added that the man had dark eyebrows. All the other witnesses have stated the man was wearing a cap so there has been no prior indication as to hair colour. Another clue then, we are perhaps looking for a man with dark eyebrows, and therefore perhaps dark hair?

Another witness says about 9:40pm she was walking with her “young man” from Walkergate to Bigges Main and saw a man opposite the football field and she says that he

“looked at us as if he wanted to see who we were.”

When they were at the end of Strawberry Terrace, Bigges Main she heard a shot, about two minutes after they had passed the man.

The gun was found 160 yards direct south of where the shooting took place according to PC James Sweeney’s statement, this perhaps shows the shooters direction of travel. PC Craghill states he found the gun and magazine cartridges partially concealed in a bush in a field. Possibly stashed to be collected at some time in the future?

So, we can see that there were a number of witnesses who saw a man on the lonnin just before the shooting some of who seemed to get a good clear look at him, but still the murderer could not be identified. So, the police tried another tactic. We have in the file the agenda item of the Standing Joint Committee meeting on the 3^rd of February 1919 where it is agreed to issue a reward for information.

A poster was printed and issued as follows.

The Chief Constable of Durham County 150 copies, Newcastle City 50 copies, Gateshead Borough 30 copies, Tynemouth borough 20 copies, South Shields Borough 30 copies, Sunderland borough 30 copies, Hartlepool borough 20 copies, Middlesborough 30 copies and the River Tyne Police 10 copies.

One of those copies survives and is in the file, see the photo below.

Did this tactic work? Join us next time for our fourth and final blog in this series, where the identity of the killer is finally revealed.

Please note that the file about the murder and assault at Bigges Main is currently uncatalogued so is not yet available to the public in the Study Centre.

[1] A lonnin, according to Heslop’s glossary of words used in the County of Northumberland and on the Tyneside is “a lane, a narrow road”.

Welcome back to our series of blogs on the murder at Bigges Main in January 1919. Last time we heard how John Thomas Bianchi died as the result of an operation to remove a bullet, which had been fired by an unknown man. How his cousin, Elizabeth Phillipson, was assaulted by the same man and, the initial investigations by the police.

This time we are going to look at some of the police theories and see if they provide any clue as to who the murderer was, and his motive.

In the police file we have two interesting pieces of paper regarding the police’s lines of enquiry. Firstly, a statement by Sergeant Russell who, on the 31^st of January 1919, whilst making enquiries at Walkergate Hospital (the place where Elizabeth Philipson worked) speaks to the matron. The matron recalls a complaint that she dealt with concerning a woman who complained that her husband, was “carrying on” with one of the nurses that worked in the laundry. The nurse was interviewed, and denied the affair, but implicated another woman, also employed in the laundry and with the first name of Elizabeth (surname Moore). Russell reports that the matron had spoken to the women concerned and had reprimanded them at the time of the complaint.

Elizabeth Moore was called in for questioning by Sergeant Russell, she explained that a Robert Leightley had been a patient in the sanatorium and whilst there they had argued twice. On the last occasion, he had struck her on the face and told her that if he got the chance, he would…

“Do for her”.

She also said that he had been involved with another nurse, Maggie Nash, and that they had been writing to each other. Maggie Nash, when interviewed says a letter was sent to Leightley’s wife to tell her of his affairs and that he came to see her on the 10^th of January, just over two weeks before the shooting. Sergeant Russell then writes in his report what he calls a true copy of the letter, it reads…

“Dear May, Just a little line to tell you I must see you this afternoon about 3 o’clock beside the bridge you will understand where I mean so come off duty to meet me. Perhaps you will know what this is about if not I’ve lots to tell you I looked all over for you yesterday until 10 o’clock last night, send word back if you are coming just say alright I am asking Blagton (Gate Porter) to bring this to you so don’t forget to come as it is important, From yours Bob. P.S Try Dear and get down to the gate at Dinner time, I will wait there, if not come at 3 to meet me. Bob.”

PC Russell asks if she was threatened by Robert Leightley and she says not. He then goes to speak with five men who claim to have been with Robert Leightley on the night of the shooting. They give him an alibi for the night of the murder from 8pm to midnight. Saying that he never left North Seaton and Ashington. No statements from the men appear in the file and it would appear that their word is accepted without challenge. Even more shockingly no statement from Robert Leightley appears in the file. Was he ever interviewed?

It seems significant that we have reports of a violent man arranging to meet a laundry hospital worker, near the bridge where the murder was committed, after having assaulted another laundry worker with the first name of Elizabeth, same first name as the woman assaulted. Remember John was accompanying his cousin because there had been reports of a man harassing workers from the hospital. Perhaps the letter written to Leightley’s wife revealing his affairs was sufficient to push an already violent man to more desperate actions!? No description of Robert Leightley exists in the file, nor any investigation into his background, naval or otherwise, could he have gained access to a gun? So, we have a suspect and motive and perhaps an explanation as to why John and Elizabeth were targeted, because they were mistaken for someone else. But this is where we have to guess at what the evidence presents as this murder was never solved.

After more than a year had passed since John’s murder and the brutal assault on Elizabeth, the police continued investigating the case and continued to talk to the Bianchi family.

Let’s look at the next interesting piece of information in the police file.

On the 10^th of March 1920, Sergeant Russell writes in another statement to the Chief Constable that he had spoken to Margaret Bianchi, John’s mother, who had told him about a quarrelsome couple, that lived nearby at the time of the murder. The man, a Mr Smith, was in the military police and she claims his wife looked like and sounded like Elizabeth Phillipson. Elizabeth originally came from the Blackpool area, so presumably had a Lancashire accent.

Could the killer have been listening for a Lancashire accent on that night in January the previous year? Would he have been seeking to harm Mr or Mrs Smith rather than John or Elizabeth? The sergeant makes some inquiries and discovers that Mrs Smith had subsequently moved to Nottingham.

So, on the 13^th of March 1920 the Superintendent at Wallsend Police writes to the Chief Constable at Nottingham Police, asking him to make discreet enquiries of Mrs Kate Smith, giving the address at which, she was living in Nottingham. He asks for her to tell them the whereabouts of her husband on the night of the murder and whether…

“She had any fear that her husband would do her any bodily harm?”

The response comes back from Nottingham City Police seven days later. They tell us that having spoken to Mrs Smith she informs them that whilst her and her husband are now separated, she did not fear him, she remembers the murder and that her husband…

“Was on duty at the time it was committed.”

The Chief Constable of Northumberland writes to the Assistant Provost Marshall, A. Area, Northern Command, Jesmond (the person in charge of the military police). The Chief gives a brief history of the case and says that investigations have produced the name of a Walter Frederick Smith, a member of the Military Foot Police in Jesmond at the time of the murder. He asks,

“Will you please inform me whether this man was on duty and where, or off duty and if his whereabouts at the time of the murder were known, and any other information respecting his movements.”

The Assistant Provost Marshall replies…

“To the best of my belief L/C Smith was at the date you mentioned stationed at Tynemouth, but it is impossible for me to state definitely if he was on duty at the hour specified”.

 he goes on to explain that…

“All the personnel who were with me at that time have now gone.”

He offers to get in touch with the NCO in charge at Tynemouth at the time, presumably to further check Mr Smith’s alibi.

The file does not record if this offer was taken up or not and so this line of enquiry simply peters out. However, as mentioned in the previous blog on this case, the 1999 police review of the case gives us a little bit more information as to Smith’s whereabouts on the night of the murder. They state that the Assistant Provost Marshall says that

“L/Cpl Smith was thought to have been on “Cook House duty at Tynemouth Castle at day and time in question”.

But as we know this line of enquiry was dropped and we have to wait until the next year before the file continues.

So, we move to 1921, with a letter from the Chief Constable to police stations and ports around the country, and Northern Ireland enquiring into the whereabouts of the crew of the E40.

Like the G6 mentioned in the first blog the E40 was a submarine, although this one was in the Tyne on the night of the murder, so much nearer to the place of the shooting than the river Blyth. The investigations switch to this submarine on information received by the police from the Armament Supply Officer (Admiralty). The Chief explains that the gun used in the shooting has now been traced to having been issued to the E40 in 1917, some two years before the murder. He says that after some considerable delay he has now received a list of the personnel aboard the E40 on the 1^st to the 26^th of January 1919 and asks the various police and ports to make enquiries of the men named, regarding their whereabouts and whether they know of a “William Stewart, native of Wick” from the Ship the “Kildagan” based on Gosport. Or a Gunner “H C Tucker” who served on the E40. And if so whether they know of Tucker’s address.

We have the list of personnel of the E40, see photo below.

Two days later the Chief Constable sends a memo to Wallsend police explaining that the receipt for the pistol used in the murder was signed for by a H.C. Tucker on the 4^th of June 1917.

He also mentions showing the list of submariners names to someone called Nancy Boyd, nee Bell,

“And to others who may have known submarine crews, whilst in the river at this particular time.”

So, who was Nancy Boyd? Again, this lead goes cold, and we are left to speculate about her possible link to the submarine crews.

Join us next time for our third blog in this series, where we will hear evidence from some of the witnesses who saw a man standing in the dark lane on the night of the shooting and we will examine the route the shooter took when fleeing the scene.

Please note that the file about the murder and assault at Bigges Main is currently uncatalogued so is not yet available to the public in the Study Centre.