General

Today’s guest blog is by Silvie Fisch & Rosie Serdiville,  on behalf of  ‘WW1 Enemy Aliens in the North East’, a project that looks at the lives of minority ethnic communities in the North East during the First World War. The project is supported by the National Lottery Heritage Fund. If you would like to get involved please contact Northern Cultural Projects,  ncp.cic@gmail.com.

Northumberland Archives hold almost 300 ‘aliens files’, giving details of registered Enemy Alien’s lives during WW1. There are stories over stories of ‘ordinary’ people who lived in constant fear, struggled with the authorities over the most trifling matters, were misinformed, harassed, had to keep up with the prying eyes of their neighbours and their anonymous letters to the police.

The more time you spend studying these files, the more evident become the parallels between what happened to foreign nationals in Britain back then and the difficulties many immigrants face right now.

The Aliens Restrictions Act of 1914 required all foreign nationals had to register at their local police station. They were banned from owning firearms, signalling equipment, homing pigeons, cameras and naval or military maps.

By 1915 the entire East coast and fifty miles inland had been designated a prohibited area. Travel restrictions meant that families could no longer see each other without seeking prior permission, and businesses struggled to visit clients.

On 10 August 1916 Amy Arends from South Shields asks for permission to stay at Rothbury for a week with her mother and sister. Permission is not granted “as no enemy aliens are permitted to stay in a prohibited area”. (NC/3/47/2/4)

British women who married foreign men were legally deemed to adopt their husband’s nationality. Even if a woman was widowed or separated, she would remain an alien subject. Many people of foreign descent were accused of being spies, often by their own neighbours. The German communities were especially badly affected, with violent riots breaking out everywhere in the region.

All male enemy aliens of military age were being made subject to internment. Many internees from the North of England found themselves in Stobs Camp in Hawick in the Scottish Borders. Their loved ones often ended up destitute.

To officially being considered a ‘friendly alien’ meant no assurance for a peaceful life. A foreign sounding name, the wrong skin colour, and people could easily find themselves outcast within their communities, or put under pressure by one authority or another.

For Emmy Starsburger, a naturalised American who come to England to take up employment as a secretary for the Leyand family in Haggerston, it all started with the usual slander: on 21 October 1914 a Julia Eyre contacted Northumberland Police to raise concerns about her. The following year, the War Office, The Chief Constable of Northumberland and Alnwick Police discussed the risk of Strasburger’s presence at Haggerston as it was used for convalescent soldiers. The War Office requested legal evidence from her family in America that she was indeed an American citizen. Her family supplied the requested documents and added ‘that the family were highly appreciative of English and American history’.

On 12 July the Home Office sent a letter to the Northumberland Constabulary, querying why, as an alien whose brother served in the Prussian army, she was allowed to live so near the coast.

A subsequent letter from MI5 to the Chief Constable of Northumberland once more requested evidence that she was an American and asked why she visited the ‘wireless station on Holy Island’. A handwritten reply added to the requested documentation informs MI5 that the wireless station was actually not located on Holy Island but at Goswick.

Emmy left Haggerston for Welshpool in 1917. Northumberland Archives still keeps thirty six official documents relating to the case (NC/3//46/2/68).

The case of Elizabeth Susan Dehnel is a rather sad one.

She and her husband Charles Henry had nine children, six of whom had died. She was English-born, her husband German. For a while they worked in Blyth, he as a hotel manager, she as a hotel housekeeper. Charles Henry took on a job as an interpreter at sea and lost his life in 1911 in the ‘Empress of Ireland’ disaster, one of the worst in maritime history. The Managing Director of the ‘Blyth and Tyne Brewery’ kindly offered Elizabeth a job at the ‘Star & Garter Hotel’ in Blyth. But on 21st October, 1914, she was apprehended and charged because she had not registered and obtained a residential permit.

Her statement reports that she made enquiries at Brixton Police Station whether she needed to register as she was the widow of a German. The young Policeman asked if she was English and because she said yes, he made enquiries and told her that she had no need to do so. A letter from the Superintendent at Blyth Police Office, dated 22nd October, 1914, submits an application for a Residential Permit for E. Dehnel – but there is a problem. 

“Mrs. Dehnel is due a considerable sum in compensation for the death of her husband and is not destitute. She bears an exemplary character. The Star and Garter is occupied by the Military and there is a Telephone installed. I suggest that she be refused permission to remain.”

Major J. Gillespie, Military Commandant of Blyth, writes to Captain James, Chief Constable, on 2nd November, 1914, to plead on behalf of Mrs. Dehnel. “It appears to me to be a case where some leniency might be shown, such as allowing her to take out naturalisation papers. The woman is so clearly English, has never been out of England except once…. She has a son who has served 12 yrs in the British Army….Personally I should be inclined to support strongly any application for permission to stay.”

A reply states that the residence cannot be permitted. Correspondence becomes quite heated when Major Gillespie replies that “the law is absurd which refuses permission to an Englishwoman, the widow of a German, and yet allows an obvious German in this hotel to remain because she happens to be born in England. I refer to the waitress here.”

In a letter from Mrs. Dehnel, dated 26th November, 1914, Elizabeth assures the authorities that her husband had had no contact with Germany since his parents died in 1897, and adds: “In spite of my age, I cannot hope to get another berth, people seem to think 40 too old and I am 55 (…) Will you please allow me to come back & resume my work. I am a thorough English woman, with not a thought, or any knowledge of anyone German, or in Germany. From anxious & distressed, E. Dehnel.”

The reply from the Chief Constable states that he is unable to accede to the request. “In addition to previous reasons for excluding all German subjects from entering Blyth, which is a prohibited area, there is now a Military aspect which makes it more than ever necessary to maintain strict adherence to the spirit of the aliens Restriction Order.”

A document from the Home Office, dated 2nd December, 1914, requests a report detailing a number of points relating to Mrs. Dehnel to ascertain whether she was eligible for a Certificate of Readmission to British Nationality. James Irving, Superintendent, writes to the Home Office on 2^nd December 2014: “The Star and Garter Hotel is the Headquarters of the Northumberland Territorial Brigade and Mrs. Dehnel, rightly or wrongly, is said to have been a German Agent and continual movement from place to place since 1907 seems suspicious.” And: “I overheard a group of men discussing spies in the Market Place on Saturday night last when the remark was made that Dehnel was here for that purpose.”

Despite a series of espionage allegations from the police, a Certificate of Naturalization was granted to her in 1915, but on the condition that she would not return to Blyth. She died ten years later at the age of 65. (NC/3/48/1/2)

Following the transmission of ‘A House Through Time’ telling the story of a house in Ravensworth Terrace, Newcastle, we have had an increase in interest in house history research. We thought that it may be helpful to provide a few tips to potential house historians:

• The best place to start is with the deeds to the property. If they are not in your possession they may be in the care of your bank, building society or solicitor. It is very unlikely that the deeds will be held by an Archive Service.
• If you are able to locate the deeds there may not be a full series dating back to the date that the property was built. There may be an abstract of title – a document that summarises the various transactions on the property. This may refer to earlier transactions where the deeds don’t survive.
• Old maps can help date the property and date any substantive changes to it. A good starting point is the various editions of Ordnance Survey maps – these can be found online at https://maps.nls.uk/ and  www.old-maps.co.uk. Northumberland Archives holds copies of many historic Ordnance Survey maps and these can be viewed in our searchroom.
• Other maps sources particularly tithe maps (circa 1840) and the 1910 Land Valuation can provide information about land ownership and occupancy.  This information may lead you to estate records. Northumberland Archives holds records of many Northumberland estates. These can be viewed in our searchrooms.
• We hold historic planning records dating back to 1856 and it may be possible to locate an original building plan for your property. This involves looking through a planning register to locate a plan reference.  
•  If you find evidence that your property formed part of a manor you should look for records of that manor. A good place to start is the Manorial Documents register- https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/manor-search. This will tell you what records survive and their location. The records themselves are not available online.
• Census returns, 1841-1911, can help you locate who lived in your property. These are available online via two commercial sites – www.ancestry.co.uk and www.findmypast.co.uk.

Ancestry can be viewed without charge in our searchrooms and in local libraries.

• The same sites include a digital copy of the 1939 register for England and Wales – a list of all civilians. This can also be useful in tracing occupancy of properties.   

• Another useful occupancy source is electoral registers – lists of voters. Electoral registers for Newcastle. 1741-1974, can be found on www.ancestry.co.uk. Northumberland electoral registers are not online but can be consulted in our searchrooms.  
• There are other sources to support tracing the history of a property – staff are always happy to provide guidance around this. 
• Copies of almost any items in our care can be provided for a charge.
• Duty staff are pleased to provide guidance around sources and research strategies but are unable to undertake research for you. If you are unable to undertake personal research  we have a charged for Research Service – see https://northumberlandarchives.com/test/services/research/  

The first episode of the ‘House Through Time’ TV programme telling the story of a Georgian terraced house in Ravensworth Terrace, in Summerhill, Newcastle, was shown on 8 April. One of the references in the programme is to three properties in the terrace, numbers 6-8, being established as a Training Home and Refuge For Friendless Girls.  The purpose of the Training Home was to provide domestic skills for women considered to be at risk of falling into sexual promiscuity or prostitution.  Our blog tells some of the story of Diocesan Society for the Protection of Women and Children and its involvement with properties in Ravensworth Terrace.

Ernest Wilberforce, grandson of the abolitionist William Wilberforce, was appointed the founding Bishop of the newly created Diocese of Newcastle in 1882. Bishop Wilberforce arrived in the Diocese with his second wife, Emily. His first wife, Frances, died of tuberculosis in 1870. The creation of the new Diocese saw a flurry of new church building and a heightened interest in the social and moral welfare of the people of the Diocese. The tone for the latter was set in the speech made by the Duke of Northumberland at the enthronement of Bishop Wilberforce in which the Duke spoke of ‘… the dark shadows of demoralisation and vice which follow in the train of wealth and luxury’ and the necessity to combat these evils.

The early Diocesan Calendars – lists of Diocesan clergy, officials and organisations – are littered with lists of local and national societies and committees with charitable aims, many of them concerned with the wellbeing of females. The Calendar of 1884 carries the following listing:

This is the first reference to the Diocesan Society for the Protection of Women and Children found in the Diocesan Calendars.  An account in The Newcastle Courant of 10 August 1883 records the establishment of the Society the aims of which included ‘… the rescue of women and children from danger, the assistance of those who are poor and friendless and the reformation of such as have fallen into sin.’ The article goes on to record a gift of £1000 entrusted to Mrs. Wilberforce as president of the Society from ‘a lady in the south of England’. This news is accompanied by an appeal for other charitable souls to donate to the cause. By the time of the first annual meeting of the Society in April 1884 it had occupied 6 Ravensworth Terrace and twelve girls were resident there.  Neighbouring properties 7 & 8 were about to be occupied with number 7 to be used as a training home. The nature of the training is suggested in the report – ‘Some of the girls have been rescued from the most terrible surroundings of vice and misery, and have so much improved in intelligence and good conduct, under kind motherly care and discipline that we may reasonably hope that in a few months they will be ready to take a little servant’s situation’. The same report describes the intended functions of each of the three houses. Number 6 was to become a Receiving House where girls stayed for a short period before being placed in the Training Home at number 7. This property went on to include a laundry, another opportunity for girls to learn useful skills. Number 8 was to become a Ladies Boarding House where the girls could use some of the household skills taught in the Training Home. Both the laundry and the boarding house provided an income to the Society.  The lady boarders undertook church work in Newcastle.

There is evidence that the Society arranged the boarding out and emigration of children from Ravensworth Terrace. The same newspaper article reports that three children ‘rescued from the utmost danger in All Saints parish’ have been boarded out with another family.  All Saints was the poorest of the Newcastle parishes and likely to have been the focus of much of the Society’s work. There is also evidence that the Society was organising child migration. We learn from the same report that an unnamed 10 year old ‘little destitute girl’ was ‘emigrated’ and that there are plans for a further two children to emigrate.  Although not stated it is likely that the emigration formed part of the Home Children Scheme and that the children were sent to Canada.  

The Society also sought to bring to court cases where girls under the age of 14 were found to be living in what were described as houses of ill repute. The first case they pursued was that of 11 year old Mary Eliza Orrick who was found to be living in such an establishment in Peel Street, Newcastle. Mary Orrick’s mother was the keeper of the house and Mary and another unnamed girl aged 14 were found soliciting on a nearby street. The Peel Street property was visited several times before the case was brought and it was reported that the police were very aware of the way in which the property was used.  Mary Orrick was removed from her mother’s care and ordered to attend an Industrial School until she reached the age of 16.  

In 1889 some of the functions of the Ravenworth Terrace houses were re-located to Nedderton in Northumberland. Eventually the House of Mercy was re-established on Salter’s Road, Gosforth, becoming known as St. Hilda’s School which in turn became an Approved School in 1941. The School closed in the 1980’s.

Emily Wilberforce’s efforts to improve the lot of fallen women in the Diocese were marked by the naming of the Wilberforce Diocesan Home of Refuge as a tribute to her efforts. The first home for the Refuge was established in 1903 at 124 Westmorland Road, Newcastle. By 1918 the Refuge had moved to 41-43 Jesmond Road and by 1935 to 54 Clifton Road. It eventually became a mother and baby home caring for unmarried mothers and their babies. 

Ernest Wilberforce served as Bishop of Newcastle for fourteen years leaving the Diocese in 1896 to become Bishop of Chichester.  He died in 1907. Emily Wilberforce died in 1941.