Northumberland

BERWICK JOURNAL, 2ND APRIL 1925

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NORTH NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY ALDERMEN RE-ELECTED

County Ald. D. H. W. ASKEW: As a public man County Ald. Askew, of Castlehills, Berwick, followed in the footsteps of his father, the late Mr Watson Askew Robertson, of Ladykirk and Pallinsburn. Ald. Askew, who was formerly a barrister on the North-Eastern Circuit, represented Berwick on Northumberland County Council prior to his appointment as a County Alderman. He was Sheriff of Berwick 1910-1911; and High Sheriff of Northumberland in 1912-13. He is a J.P. for Berwick and for Northumberland. He is a staunch Churchman and Unionist.

County Ald. G. G. REA: County Ald. Rea, of Doddington, Wooler, is one of the best-known Border agriculturists, and second to none as a Judge at Stock Shows. He takes an active part in public affairs, being in addition to a County Alderman, Chairman of the County Agricultural Committee, a County Magistrate, Chairman of Glendale Rural District Council. He is an active member of Central and Associated Chambers of Commerce and is one of the Northumberland representatives on the Council of the Royal Agricultural Society of England.

BERWICK TOWN COUNCIL

Opening of Askew Houses

  • That this Council do hereby, in pursuance of the Honorary Freedom of the Boroughs Act, 1885, confer the Honorary Freedom of the Borough upon David Hugh Watson Askew Esquire of Castlehills, Berwick-upon-Tweed, Justice of the Peace, Town Councillor from 1910 to 1912, Sheriff of the Borough in the year 1910, County Councillor from 1907 to 1912 and County Alderman since 1912, in recognition of the long and eminent services rendered by him to the Borough, for the courteous an kindly interest shown in and assistance given by him to all movements having for heir object the prosperity of the inhabitants of the Borough and the Welfare of the State and for his unfailing generosity to all good causes. And that the said David Hugh Watson Askew be and he is hereby admitted being an Honorary Freeman of the Borough accordingly.
  • That this Council do hereby, in pursuance of the Honorary Freedom of the Boroughs Act, 1885, confer the Honorary Freedom of the Borough upon William Haggerston Askew Esquire of Ladykirk in recognition of the public spirit displayed by him towards the amelioration of the social conditions of the people and to mark the close association of his family with the Borough for the long period of nearly 200 years, and the great interest taken by them in the welfare of its inhabitants. And that the said William Haggerston Askew be and he is thereby admitted to be an Honorary Freeman of the Borough accordingly.
  • These motions were moved by the Mayor. Ald. Darling seconded – Agreed.
  • The Mayor stated that the opening of houses at Tweedmouth, the gift of Mr Askew, would take place on 8th April. After the handing over of the houses by Mr Askew and the formal opening by Earl Grey, there would be a meeting in the guild Hall when the Freedom would be given to the brothers Askew. Special invitations had been sent to the Councillors, their wives and lady friends. Of course, he stated, the public could come to the Guild Hall. He would be very pleased to see a big crowd at Tweedmouth.
  • Councillor Adams said it was a great pity that the ceremony had not been arranged for a Saturday so that more people could have got to it.
  • The Mayor remarked that the Council had nothing to do with those arrangements. He said that the Sheriff and he would like to see them all turn up to see the gift handed over.

MIDDLE ORD ESTATE SOLD

On Saturday in King’s Arms Hotel Assembly Rooms, Berwick, Mr W. J. Bolam offered for sale by auction the highly attractive freehold residential agricultural and sporting estate known as Middle Ord, situated in the Parish of Tweedmouth, and comprising a charming and conveniently sized residence with garden, pleasure grounds and grass lands, and including Middle Ord Farm, the whole extending to 386 acres or thereabouts, including over 120 acres of the finest old pasture land to be found in Northumberland. There was a large attendance present.

BRO 426-359

The auctioneer in his opening remarks said he had the privilege to offer for sale the well-known state of Middle Ord, which had been in the occupation of

THE GREY FAMILY

For generations. The district of Tweedside had been in habited by men from earliest history, who knew the value of the land in Tweed valley. Many had realised the wisdom of their foprefathers and there were Tweedside farmers who could trace their families from the earliest period. In the field Lot 8 there had been undoubtedly

A ROMAN CAMP

And anyone keen on excavating would no doubt find antiquities of great value. Other camps had been found and relics including an urn of great value had also been found. In 1781 Middle Ord and West Ord had passed into the hands of John Grey of Heaton from the Trevelyans, and in 1788 Middle Ord passed to Geo. Grey and West Ord to John Grey. The Grey family had been in occupation for 138 years. Middle Ord was situated in excellent surroundings. It was off main road, had plenty of outside accommodation, and there was hunting and sporting facilities. Possession of the mansion house would be given on 5th June. In considering the buying of the estate the letting of the grass parks should be consider. Then the Rating Act should also be considered, for where £100 was previously paid £25 was now paid. It was a situation ideal for a diary. There was a quarry on the estate, where they could get their own stone. In Berwick the produce was over 300 cows per day.

The estate would be offered first and if not sold Lots 1 and 12 would be offered. If they were not sold Lots 1 and 2 would be offered. Then 2 to 12 would be in one lot, and if they were not sold, Lots 2 to 11 would be sold separately.

The estate was first offered, and the first bid was £10,000, and £12,000 was reached by 4 further bids, when the lot was withdraw.

Lot 1, Middle Ord Farm and farm buildings, two cottages together with 250 acres of arable, pasture and woodland, and Lott 12, comprising the mansion house, walled garden, policies, and two cottages, extending to 8.759 acres, were then offered.

The mansion house and premises are in the occupation of Mrs Dixon-Johnson at an annual rental of £100; £725 is the gross rental.

First bid was £5000and at £75000 was knocked down to Mr Robt. Whyte, S.S.C., Leith, acting on behalf of a client.

Lots to 11 were then offered as a whole. Lot 2 consists of an arable field, 4.615 acres, with apportioned rental £11 3s 5d; Lot 3 valuable old pasture field, 394 acres, apportioned rental £9 10s 9d; Lot 4, valuable old pastures field, 5, 793 acres, apportioned rental £14 0s 6d; Lot 5, valuable old pastures field, 13.823 acres, apportioned rental £33 9s 3d; Lot 6, valuable old pasture field and woodland, 20.130 acres, apportioned rental £48 14s 8d; Lot 7, valuable old pasture field, 21.043 acres, apportioned rental £50 18s 10d; Lot 8, valuable old pasture field and woodland, 41.948 acres, apportioned rental £36 3s 9d; Lot 9, valuable old pasture field, 10.830 acres, apportioned rental £26 4s 4d; Lot 10, valuable old pasture field, 11.062 acres apportioned rental, £26 15s 7d; Lot 11, valuable old pasture field and woodland, 21.304 acres, apportioned rental £51 11s 6d.

Lots 2 to 11 are let along with other land to Messrs Scott of Middle Ord Farm. Net rental is £292 with gross rental, £308.

First bid was £4000 and at £4900 the lots were withdrawn.

Lots 2 to 11 were then offered separately.

First bid for Lot 2 was £150, and at £230 was knocked down to Lady Osbourne.

Bidding started at £100 for lot 3, and at £170 was withdrawn.

Lot 4 was withdrawn at £200. Bidding started at £150.

First bid for Lot 5 was £400, and at £510 was withdrawn.

£500 was first bid for Lot 6 and after 8 further bids, was withdrawn at £800.

Bidding for Lot 7 started at £500 and at £630 was withdrawn.

For Lot 8, on which is the old Roman Camp, there were no offers.

There was good bidding for Lot 9, first bid was £300, and at £400 was knocked down to Mr Clark, West Ord.

Lot 10 was also knocked down to Mr Clark, West Ord, the figure being £425. £350 was the first offer.

First offer for Lot 11 was £500, and at £580 was withdrawn.

CAT INN FIELD

Immediately after the sale of Middle Ord, a valuable old pasture field near the Cat Inn, was then offered by Mr Bolam. Area is 4.365 acres and is at present in the occupation of Mr Clark at an annual rental (apportioned) of 312. It was part of the Haggerston Castle Estate, sold in July 1919.

First bid was £100 and after four further bids it was withdrawn at £130.

BERWICK JOURNAL, 31ST JULY 1924

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NORHAM CASTLE HISTORY

At the annual summer outing of the Melrose Literary Society to Norham, the following paper on the position of Norham Castle in history and romance prepared by Mr J. E. Fairbairn was read in his absence by Mrs Drummond:-

The habit of this Society in selecting for its annual outing some place famous in literary annals has on this occasion again been amply justified and maintained, for today we meet mot only on the scene of one of the greatest and most stirring poems in the whole range of English literature, but on the banks of that river which had been such a fruitful source of inspiration for many a poet’s fancy. Throughout his life there was no river which appealed to Scott like the ever dear Tweed: he knew it in every aspect, it was his joy to ride its  most dangerous fords, to light its dark waters at night with the flame of the salmon lusterer, or to dream beneath a tree above its flowing waters, and on that memorable afternoon to the music of its ripple he fell asleep. It was only natural therefore that he should have selected the castled steep of Norham, flanked by the fine sweep of the river as the scene of his fresh and galloping poem of Marmion. Did it ever occur to you how I each of his three best known poems Scott weaves his story round some hoary castle on a romantic river bank. In “The Day” it is Newark and Yarrow, in “Marmion” Norham and Tweed, and in the “Lady of the Lake” the final scene occurs in Stirling on the Forth. Most of “Marmion” was composed on horseback, and the cantos ring with the sound of hoof and the jingling of bridle and spur. The preparation for the writing of “Marmion” began with his childhood’s years round the old tower of Smailholm when the love of martial tales was so early implanted in his breast and never ceased to grow until it reached its full maturity. While Scott found the inspiration of the poem in the old story of the feuds between the two Kingdoms with all its accompanying throng of gallant knights and ladies fair, he wove into the still older tale of love between man and maid, and it contains also a fine outburst of enthusiasm for his native city of Dunedin.

Norham Castle on the Tweed. Ref: BRO 515/178

Norham, as you can see, has been something more than an ordinary Border peel tower, and in the height of its glory must have been a place of great dimensions. With its double moat and strong fortifications, it looks as if it would be almost impregnable against attack, while its high and massive walls, even in their decay, are grim and forbidding and suggest defiance to all. This great fortress, set down as it were to over awe a Kingdom, was begun by Ralph Flambard, Bishop of Durham, in 1121, and was completed about 1170 under the succeeding Bishop, Hugh Pudsey, reminding us that in these early days the ecclesiastics, while members of the Church militant, took part also in another form of warfare. Its purpose was to ward off the turbulent and aggressive Scot of the North and was the great Border fortress in charge of the warlike Bishop of Durham. The river in broad volume washes on two sides of the high rock on which it stood in all its grandeur. Within the inner wall stood the massive square keep or donjon of Flambard Pudsey’s days, originally 95 feet in height, and still as a ruin not much less. Norham was the last point to the north of the province of Northumberland, and it eyed the opposite heights of Ladykirk and the Scottish Border with perfectly equipped defiance, and commands even today a view of the distant Lammermuirs to the north, and the triple peaks of the Eildons to the west. Round it cluster important movements in English and Scottish history from the time of King John to James IV. At the head of the island in the river is the ford where James was nearly carried away, and where he made the vow that issued in the building of Ladykirk. The importance of Norham ceased with the union of the Crowns in 1603, when its last Governor, Sir Robert Cary, rode from London to Holyrood in two days to hail James VI.  as Monarch of two Kingdoms. It still frowns across the Merse and carries us in thought back to the days of chivalry when the holding of its great sandstone keep was a gage of knightly honour.

Norham Castle, Harvest Time. Ref: BRO 515/179

Though day set long ago on the living glory of its castled steep the fame of the deeds done there in ancient days is not likely to be forgotten. Its walls still ooze history, and thanks to the genius of a master hand it rises again in all its ancient glory so that its denizens of former times become to us a living presence. Looking on its broken battlements as they yellow in the western blaze we are seeing it in that same golden glory under which Marmion sought its walls. In our mind’s eye we can still see that errant knight in all his panoply and pride come riding o’er the hill. We can still hear the steady tread of the warder on the turret high, and across the calm air of the evening there comes to us a snatch of that ancient Border gathering song. The form of the witching lady Ford still flits across the scene, bearing heavy on her soul the fate of Flodden Field, and with the wail for the Flowers o’ the Forest causing unrest to her spirit. The doughty King James, directing the destinies of battle looms large on Piper’s Hill, and under burden of a mental and more grievous weight than his ponderous iron belt. It is a far cry from Norham to the Scottish capital, but there still comes to us the news of battle ringing down its cobbled streets, and we see the haggard form of Randolph on his weary steed, the sole survivor of that mighty host which but a week before had gathered on the Burgh muir. It is pictures like these and many others that the once proud but now dismantled towers of Norham suggest and conjure up before us. The waters which wash its walls have flowed through a hundred scenes famous in history, renowned in romance, and garlanded with song, past many a roofless Border peel, and before the river loses itself in the bosom of the eternal sea it lingers for a while round this the last of the landmarks on her hundred miles of water way. Norham carries us back to the days of chivalry, and few castles of that period display more of their strength than this stronghold not only so, but that quality also shone, though in a fitful and a fading gleam across the ridge of Flodden.

Norham Castle, Evening. Ref: BRO 515/181

The massive ruin still keeps ward upon the Border side, and Castle and Church and village alike are full of reminiscences of history and romance. Hither in 1318 there came from Lincoln an actual Sir Wm. Marmion, helmed with gold, it is said, under pledge to win his lady love by defending Norham for a year and day. Alas, h however, for the gallant, for the Scots Borderers proved too warlike for him, and he lost his gage, his lady and his life in a single ambuscade. Here in May, 1291, Edward I met the Wardens of Scotland to arrange the succession to the Scottish crown, and thus sowed the seeds of the dire wars of Succession in the northern Kingdom. And it was on the green meadows opposite that in June of the same year the great nobles of Scotland, took upon the gospels, the oath of allegiance to the English King. But these and other actual historical events sink into comparative insignificance with the romantic episodes associated with Norham. In the Abbotsford gallery of fame the haughty crest of Marmion and the abiding love of Clare occupy honoured and important niches, and it is round them that there has been woven that story of glamour and romance which will enshroud the castled steep of Norham until the last day has set upon its battlements and towers.

BERWICK ADVERTISER, 20TH JULY 1923

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57 YEARS ON THE RAILWAY

RETIRAL OF MR GEORGE YOUNG AND PRESENTATION BY FELLOW WORKMEN

After fifty-seven years spent in the service of the North British Railway Company, Mr George Young, 8 Infirmary Square, a well-known figure at the Loco. Sheds at Berwick, retired at the beginning of the month, and on Thursday evening, in the Oddleffows’ Hall, a company of some forty fellow workmen under the presidency of Mr Joe Gray assembled to make a parting gift in token of the respect and esteem in which Mr Young was held.

The front of Berwick Railway Station
An early 20th Century postcard of the front of the Berwick Railway Station

Mr Gray briefly explained the object of the gathering, saying they were there to do a little honour to the oldest servant of the Railway Coy. at Berwick station, a man who they all held in the highest respect and esteem. Personal, said Mr Gray, I have always been closely associated with Mr Young. He was my driver at one time, and the friendship we formed on the footplate was not one to be readily broken.

A letter read from Mr J. P. Grassick, the Loco Running Superintendent of the L. and N.E.R. Coy. at Cowlairs, Glasgow, showed how much the long and honourable service of Mr Young was appreciated. “I cannot allow the occasion of your retiral from active service to pass unnoticed,” wrote Mr Grasswick. “Your work has been appreciated, and you enter upon your period of rest after a strenuous career with the best wishes of your employers. Personally, I have to thank you for services well rendered, and I hope you will belong spared to enjoy the remainder of your days in peace and comfort, freed from stress and turmoil of modern railway life.” The reading of the letter was received with applause.

Mr William Ewing, the foreman at Loco. Department, Berwick, then made on behalf of the employees at the sheds the presentation of a handsome silver lever watch, albert and medallion to Mr Young, along with a small sum of money remaining in the presentation fund. In a speech where the good qualities of the recipient were eulogised, Mr Ewing told of the ready way the employees had subscribed to give some little token to Mr Young as a memento of the many years he had been amongst them. He hoped Mr Young would accept the gift in the spirit in which it was made, and there was no need to assure him that he had left the Company’s service with the good wishes of all who had esteemed and appreciated his companionship and service in the past. (Applause).

Berwick Railway Station during World War One

Mr Young replied in a speech full of happy reminiscences of his past life on the railway, some of which we reprinted below, and he also told of one or two instances which were not of such a pleasing nature, when accidents had nearly brought about his end and the end of others. I started life as a boy under Mr Cargill in 1866, said Mr Young, and well I remember asking him for a start. I was just a little fellow then – fifteen years of age – and it was like looking up toa giant, for Mr Cargill was not a small man by any means. However, I was fortunate, for he started me at the handsome salary of 10d per day – ( laughter) – which was 2d a day more than was usually given to boys starting. Their wage worked out at ¾ per hour or 4s per week. Well, I was fortunate because I got 5s per week, but I wonder what some of you young chaps would say if you were asked to work for that now-a-days. (Applause). Mr Young also mentioned that there were only other two men alive today who had started life with him at Berwick Station. One was Mr Thos. Aird, coal merchant, who was then a fitter, and the other was Mr David Lawson, a native of Berwick, who had risen to be stationmaster at Shettleston, Glasgow, and who was now retired. During the time he had been on the railway he had worked under five different general managers, five loco. Superintendents, and fourteen loco. Foremen. He also mentioned that the father of Mr Ewing, their present foreman, had worked on the same footplate with him. Mr Young concluded a very interesting speech by thanking his fellow workmen for the honour they had done him.

A FEW REMINISCENCES

A DASH FOR SAFETY

A thrilling experience I have had, said Mr Young, was when I was running the 10 o’clock express between Edinburgh and Glasgow. Just at Winechburgh tunnel a goods train broke an axel and the damaged axel flew in front of my train. There was no time to draw up, and the only safety lay in putting on speed in the open of shifting the obstruction. We put on full steam. There was no Westenhouse brakes to apply and stop in time then, and when we hit the wreckage, we happily shifted it from the line. I was handsomely rewarded by the passengers, who subscribed for myself and the fireman the sum of £2 15s – quite a lot in those days.

PULLED A MAN OUT OF WAY OF EXPRESS

Another thing I remember, said Mr Young, happened shortly after that at Berwick station near the turntable. A St, Margaret’s driver named George Fortune – he is dead now, poor fellow – got right in the way of the express which was coming along. I saw his danger and clutching him succeeded in pulling him off the line. He did not escape injury, for he got a glancing blow from the buffer of the engine, which broke seven of his ribs, but he soon recovered and lived to a good age. Had I not reached him he would certainly have been knocked down and cut to pieces.

A PERSONAL ACCIDENT

I was nearly killed many years ago, said Mr Young, but it must not have been to be. I was starting a pumping engine which was used to be at the Sheds when my coat got into the belt. I did not pull it clear quick enough and I was carried round the shafting until I was stripped of clothing, and then I was flung senseless against the wall. Had I been thrown the other way I would have assuredly been killed outright, for I would have fallen into the well. As it was, I was very seriously injured about the head, legs and arms, and to this day I carry the marks on my legs. All the inspectors who examined the machinery in motion where I was caught could not credit that I could be carried round the shaft as I was and escaped alive.

BERWICK PETTY SESSIONS

MONDAY

Before C. L. Fraser and Chas. Forsyth, Esqs

A MORALISING TRAMP

John Kelly, vagrant, no fixed abode, was charged with being drunk and disorderly in Marygate at 9.5 p.m. on the 15th June. He pleaded guilty.

P. C Jefferson said the man was drunk, getting in front of motor cars and behaving in a foolish and disorderly manner.

Kelly was asked if he would promise to leave the town if he was discharged and he said, “I can promise nothing. I might just get drunk again and get into mischief. I do not think a day or two at Newcastle would do me any harm. It is the only way for you gentlemen to protect yourselves. I don’t believe in making promises if there is a possibility of breaking them. A man who habitually takes drink should not make promises.

Dr Fraser – Then there is no other option than to send you to prison for seven days.

Mr Forsyth – With hard labour.

Prisoner – With all due deference to you, sir. I don’t think they can give me hard labour. I am 62 years of age.

Dr Fraser – I don’t think he is sober yet.

Prisoner – Oh yes, but I will be better at Newcastle. It is twenty-one years since I was in Berwick last, and I hope it will be as long again before I am in it.

Dr Fraser – I hope so, too.

With a “Thank you, gentlemen,” prisoner went below to the cells prior to his trip to Newcastle.

SPORT

FOOTBALL

INFIRMARY CUP

Owing to the majority of the Spittal Hearts’ team being unable to be present at the Pierrots’ stand on Friday night the presentation of medals has been postponed.

Spittal Rovers, Infirmary Cup Winners, 1925. Ref; BRO 1887/41/3

It is hoped to send out circulars to all teams within a 25 miles’ radius of Berwick, and if a satisfactory entry is obtained to play one match per week throughout this season for the Cup. The rules, which are comparatively few, bar players who have played for Berwick Rangers or Coldstream during the season. The competition is strictly amateur, and teams will be paid minimum travelling fares for 12 players. Layers must play for one team only in the competition.

CYCLING

TEN MILE CYCLING RACE ON NORTH ROAD

The Tweedside Cycling Club held their 10 miles road trial over the North Road on Thursday evening last under handicap conditions, when a large assembly lined the footpath out by meadow House to see the finish of the race. The feature of the handicap was the wonderful riding of J. H. Kirkup, a Millfield lad aged nineteen, who had the fastest time of the evening, 25 mins, 44 secs. actual. The prize winners and times were as follows: – 1, P. Gleig, 29 mins. 46 secs., less 6 mins., 23 mins. 46 secs.; 2, J. Tennant, 29 mins, 16 secs., less 5 mins., 24 mins. 16 secs.; 3, J. H. Kirkup, 25 min. 44 secs, less 1 min., 24 mins. 44 secs. E. Young, who was scratch, covered the distance in 25 mins. 59 secs., or 15 secs, longer than Kirkup. Other young riders’ times were :- T. Clazie, 28 mins. 30 secs., less 4 mins., 24 mins, 30 secs.; L. B. Dickinson, 31 mins. 17 secs., less 5 mins., 26 mins. 17 secs.; and A. Aird, 31 mins. 45 secs., less 4 mins., 27 mins, 45 secs. Kirkup, it will be remembered, was the rider who won the double event in the half mile and mile last years at the Tweedside Cycling Club Sports. He is riding wonderfully well this year, and those in the know look upon him as a coming champion.

AUSTRALIA’S CALL

BAMBURGH MAN’S SUCCESS IN FARMING

“This country appears to be over-crowded, and to find so many young men unemployed and hanging about the city streets is a sad and depressing reflection on present-day life when one knows that in Australia there are thousands of acres ready for settlers to enjoy a new and glorious life. The kind of men wanted are only those who are determined to work hard, and to make a home for themselves in that fertile country. Fired by that ambition, emigrants are almost bound to succeed.”

These sentiments were voiced to a “Newcastle Daily Journal” representative by Mr George Waddell, a Western Australian farmer, who, with his wife, is at present on a visit to Tyneside, renewing old friendships. Mr Waddell, who was born in the parish of Bamburgh, fifty-eight years ago, at one time followed the plough, and later was a servant on the railway company in Newcastle as a rolleyman.

SUCCESS IN TWELVE YEARS

It should be noted that Mr Waddell was forty-six years of age when he decided to seek his fortune in Western Australia, and within the space of twelve years, by reason or hard, unremitting labour, he has built up one of the most successful farming businesses in that fertile area, 200 miles from Perth, Quarendin Vale, Belka. What was once a stretch of 1,000 acres of rough forest land, obtained from the Australian Government, has now been converted into a wheat-growing farm, yielding satisfactory returns.

Having visited the recent Royal Show, Mr Waddell said the bulk of the farm machinery there displayed was not applicable to western Australia wheat farming conditions. Out there, farm appliances are manufactured on a larger scale, teams of five to six horses being employed as a rule on one implement. The harvesting machines, for instance, are built on altogether different lines, as only the heads of the grain are cut and harvested, the “straw” being left standing in the field to be used as fodder or burned.

HORSES PREFFERED

The farm tractors are not yet much in vogue on the large fields of this Western Australian State. Most farmers, chiefly on grounds of economy, pin their faith to horsepower. Personally, Mr Waddell prefers the Clydesdale horses, of which he owns 25, because of their power and activity.

While the disposal of the wheat is now free and independent, Australian farmers in Mr Waddell’s area have formed a voluntary co-operative wheat pool by which about 80 per cent, of the wheat produced is dealt with.

With regard to the labour question, Mr Waddell stated that no women are employed in field work. With so many labour-saving appliances now in use six men can work quite well a wheat farm of about 1,000 acres. One experienced man is required to handle a team of five or six horses engaged in field operations. Seldom does a farm hand require to work more than eight hours a day.

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